A new test for bluetongue virus btv will give farmers results in hours and help safeguard the nations livestock industries. However, the route of introduction of serotype 8 may be due to trade of infected animals from the central and northern europe. Cattle may be infected with the virus but rarely show disease. In october 2008, a 15yearold female alpaca vicugna pacos housed at a breeding farm in. Bluetongue virus can infect all ruminants but it usually only causes serious disease in sheep. Bluetongue disease is a noncontagious, insectborne, viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently cattle, goats, buffalo, deer, dromedaries, and antelope. Evaluation of adaptive immune responses and heterologous protection induced by inactivated bluetongue virus vaccines article pdf available in vaccine 334 december 2014 with 168 reads. Bluetongue bt is a reportable disease of considerable socioeconomic concern and of major importance in the international trade of animals and animal products.
In this scenario a voluntary vaccination program is assumed with the. The uk remained free of btv8 until september 22 when the first case of bluetongue was diagnosed in a highland cow in. The death toll from the coronavirus in the united states passed 50,000 friday morning, accounting for more than 25% of covid19 deaths globally. Although sheep are most severely affected, cattle are the main mammalian reservoir of the virus and are very important in the spread of the disease. The measures to control and eradicate the disease include vectors control, use of insecticides in the animal premises and in the areas where these insects live. In the following year, it spread rapidly throughout the rest of europe. Bluetongue disease is a viral infection that has killed approximately 2 million cattle in europe over the past two decades. Bluetongue is not contagious and is not spread by contact between animals. Bluetongue is a noncontagious, arthropodborne viral disease of both domestic and wild ruminants.
Rapid bluetongue test to support livestock trade beef. Fatal bluetongue virus infection in an alpaca vicugna. Bluetongue informationleaflet forveterinarypractitioners. The animal in question tested positive for virus under the framework of premovement testing and has been humanely destroyed. Although bluetongue virus is present in a monitored zone across northern australia, bluetongue disease has never been reported in australia. Designed specifically for the genesig q16, genesig easy kits are ultra simple and easy to use for users of all experience levels.
Competitive elisa kit for the detection of antivp7 antibodies in serum or plasma from multiple species. Prospects of nextgeneration vaccines for bluetongue. The aim of present study was to determine seroprevalence of bluetongue virus btv in haryana state of india. Bluetongue zone extended south beef central, june, 2017 a copy of the latest bluetongue zoning map. Council directive 200075ec lays down specific provisions for the control and eradication of bluetongue. The successful propagation of bluetongue virus in a tissue culture system has made it possible to obtain a relatively tissuefree suspension with a high virus titer and permits a more accurate determination of virus yield. For the vaccination of healthy sheep and goats against type 10 bluetongue infections. Before 1998, bt was considered an exotic disease in europe. An insect vector spreads the virus and it only occurs where the vector is present. Bluetongue is an arthropodborne noncontagious infectious disease of domestic and wild nonafrican ruminants. Etiology bluetongue results from infection by bluetongue virus, a member of the genus orbivirus and family reoviridae. November, france reported a single case of btv4 in a bovine in haute savoie region oie, 2017. Bluetongue virus btv and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Outbreaks of bluetongue in cyprus in 1943 caused between 60 and 70% losses in some flocks.
Bluetongue epidemiology in the european union volume 14. The existence of multiple serotypes complicates control, as immunity to one serotype may not be crossprotective against others. In 2006, btv serotype 8 btv8 emerged unexpectedly in northern europe throughout a region including belgium, france, germany, luxembourg and the netherlands. Longterm dynamics of bluetongue virus in the absence of control. Bluetongue virus btv is an orbivirus that infects both domestic and wild ruminants and is transmitted by culicoides spp. Bluetongue virus btv is predominantly spread by certain species of biting culicoides midges which vary according to geographical distribution. Bluetongue is an infectious arthropodborne viral disease primarily of domestic and wild ruminants. A comprehensive study on seroprevalence of bluetongue. Realtime rtpcr for the qualitative detection of all serotypes of the bluetongue virus in ruminant blood samples this qualitative duplex test simultaneously amplifies a target sequence in the btv genome, and an endogenous internal control. The measures to control and eradicate the disease include vectors control, use of insecticides in the animal premises and in the areas where these insects live, insect repellents onto. Bluetongue btv is a noncontagious disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by a. It is based on competition between the serum to be tested and a monoclonal antibody, which is coupled to the peroxidase and directed to the nterminal part of the vp7 protein, a major core protein of the.
Since 1998, bluetongue virus btv serotypes 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 and 16 have spread throughout europe. The idexx bluetongue competition ab test detects antibodies specific to the bluetongue virus btv in individual sheep, goat and cattle sera. Btv protein vaccines and viral vector vaccines have diva potential. Bluetongue bt is a noncontagious, viral disease affecting domestic and wild.
Bluetongue virus is an orbivirus that infects cattle and sheep. Bluetongue disease control in northern ireland during 2017. Diagnosis, prevention and control of blue tongue in sheep. The virus is transmitted by the midges culicoides imicola, culicoides variipennis, and.
The performance of different bluetongue control measures related to both vaccination and protection from bluetongue virus btv vectors was assessed. In 2006, the introduction of btv serotype 8 btv8 caused a severe epidemic in. Outbreak in portugal and spain in 1956 due to a virulent strain of the virus caused death of 46,000 sheep in portugal and 3,000 in spain. Although sheep are most severely affected, cattle are the main mammal reservoir of the virus and are critical in the disease epidemiology.
Pdf diagnosis, prevention and control of blue tongue in sheep. Batra k, kumar a, kakker n, maan ns 2017 a comprehensive study on seroprevalence of bluetongue virus in haryana state of india, veterinary world, 1012. By means of a mathematical model, it was concluded that when vaccination is applied on 95% of animals even for 3 years, bluetongue cannot be eradicated and is able to reemerge. Proven specificity and sensitivity and widespread use in recent outbreaks detection of antibodies against all btv serotypes, at least 58 days after natural infection, thanks to the use of a monoclonal antibody against the highly conserved vp7 protein easytouse. Among the arboviruses transmitted by culicoides, btv has the greatest economic impact bath 1989, with losses attributed to effects on animal health and productivity bowne 1971. Mass vaccination programmes lasting at least five years in combination with improved, continuous surveillance systems would be the only effective measures for eradicating bluetongue in europe, efsa has concluded. Financial evaluation of different vaccination strategies for. Midges become infected by feeding on the blood of viraemic ruminants and transmit btv through subsequent feeding, which is required for the successful production of their eggs. The dark yellow area is the bluetongue virus transmission zone.
Bluetongue risk under future climates nature climate change. Overview of bluetongue generalized conditions merck. Bluetongue virus can be transfered from the dam during pregnancy to the fetus. Bluetongue was first described in south africa where it was likely endemic in wild ruminants. Introduction bluetongue bt, an arthropodtransmitted viral infection of domestic and wild ruminants, was first reported in africa by hutcheon 18 in 1881 under the name of epizootic catarrh.
Scientific opinion on bluetongue european food safety. If infection is confirmed at the premises and there appears to be limited local spread e. However, the virus may be spread by contaminated objects fomites, such as surgical equipment and needles. Bluetongue is a noncontagious, viral disease affecting domestic and wild ruminants primarily sheep and including cattle and goats, that is transmitted by insects, particularly biting midges. In endemic areas, sentinel monitoring programs actively sample animals in.
Infection with bluetongue virus btv is common in a broad band across the world, which until recently stretched from 35s to 4050n. Control of this vectorborne disease is difficult, except by vaccination. Economic impact of a bluetongue serotype 8 epidemic in. Bluetongue virus buffalo cattle culicoides disease control epidemiological surveys epizootiology goat india sheep. Btv can be spread through the transport of infected livestock. Evaluation of adaptive immune responses and heterologous. To control this, restriction in animal movement and massive vaccination programs. This great britain bluetongue disease control strategy sets out the disease control measures we would consider if bluetongue virus was suspected or confirmed in farmed ruminants including cattle. By means of a mathematical model, it was concluded that when vaccination is applied on 95% of animals even for 3 years, bluetongue cannot be eradicated and is able to re. Under field conditions, the causative agent, bluetongue virus btv, is typically transmitted by culicoides spp. Bluetongue control strategy, including recourse to vaccine. General provisions for the purposes of the terrestrial code, bluetongue is defined as an infection of a case refers to an ruminants and camelids animal infected with bt bluetongue virus btv, that is transmitted by culicoides vectors. It is the aim of this strategy that all affected during an outbreak of bluetongue virus disease will be able to be better prepared to respond quickly and effectively to controls and limit the outbreak, thereby mitigating the likely impact of the control measures described.
J 1,20,30 the causative agent is bluetongue virus btv, a mem ber of the reoviridae and prototype virus of the genus orbivirus. Belgian port to test virus bracelets amid tech tracing. From 1998 through 2005, at least 6 bt virus strains belonging to 5 serotypes btv1, btv2, btv4, btv9, and btv16 were continuously present in the mediterranean basin. Bluetongue virus btv is endemic in some areas with cattle and wild ruminants serving as reservoirs for the virus. Bluetongue virus btv does not infect humans and, consequently, the disease has no.
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